Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).
Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Examples of Passive Level: lower intermediate
Tense
Subject
Verb
Object
Simple Present
Active:
Rita
writes
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
is written
by Rita.
Simple Past
Active:
Rita
wrote
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
was written
by Rita.
Present Perfect
Active:
Rita
has written
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
has been written
by Rita.
Future I
Active:
Rita
will write
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
will be written
by Rita.
Hilfsverben
Active:
Rita
can write
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
can be written
by Rita.
Examples of Passive Level: upper intermediate
Tense
Subject
Verb
Object
Present Progressive
Active:
Rita
is writing
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
is being written
by Rita.
Past Progressive
Active:
Rita
was writing
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
was being written
by Rita.
Past Perfect
Active:
Rita
had written
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
had been written
by Rita.
Future II
Active:
Rita
will have written
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
will have been written
by Rita.
Conditional I
Active:
Rita
would write
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
would be written
by Rita.
Conditional II
Active:
Rita
would have written
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
would have been written
by Rita.
Passive Sentences with Two Objects Level: intermediate
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
Subject
Verb
Object 1
Object 2
Active:
Rita
wrote
a letter
to me.
Passive:
A letter
was written
to me
by Rita.
Passive:
I
was written
a letter
by Rita.
.
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That ’s why it is usually dropped.
Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.
Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.
Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.
Example: he says – it is said
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception ( e. g. say, think, know).
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
Excercises
Exercises on Passive (Form)
Exercise on Passive with Simple Present Level: lower intermediate
Exercise on Passive with Simple Past Level: lower intermediate
Exercise on Passive with Present Perfect Level: lower intermediate
Exercise on Passive with Future I Level: lower intermediate
Exercises on Passive (Active → Passive)
Exercise on Passive with Simple Present Level: lower intermediate
Exercise on Passive with Simple Past Level: lower intermediate
Exercise on Passive with Present Perfect Level: lower intermediate
Exercise on Passive with Future I Level: lower intermediate
Exercise on Passive with Auxiliary Verbs Level: lower intermediate
Mixed Exercise on Passive with Passive Level: lower intermediate
Sentences with 2 Objects (Indirect Object, Personal Passive) Level: intermediate (neu)
Sentences with 2 Objects (Direct Object) Level: intermediate (neu)
Personal Passive (verbs of perception) Level: intermediate (neu)
Exercise on Passive with Present Progressive Level: upper intermediate
Exercise on Passive with Past Progressive Level: upper intermediate
Exercise on Passive with Past Perfect Level: upper intermediate
Exercise on Passive with Future II Level: upper intermediate
Exercise on Passive with Conditional I Level: upper intermediate
Exercise on Passive with Conditional II Level: upper intermediate
Exercises on Passive (Active or Passive)
Exercise on Simple Present Level: lower intermediate
Exercise on Simple Past Level: lower intermediate
Exercise on Present Perfect Level: lower intermediate
Exercise on Future I with will Level: lower intermediate
Exercise – The Statue of Liberty Level: intermediate (neu)
Exercise – Portal Dolmen Level: intermediate (neu)
Summary – The Fellowship of the Ring, part 2, part 3 Level: intermediate
Grammar in Texts
Show Passive Voice in „The Canterville Ghost “ Level: lower intermediate
Grammar Exercise on „Washington, DC “ Level: lower intermediate
Show Passive Voice in „History of Snowboarding “ Level: upper intermediate
mardi 17 mars 2009
unit seven
A. what is a citizenship
With your partner ,complete the following word-web with any of the words that you think are related to the word "citizenship ,then share your finding with the whole class
Look at the following pictures and write a word or phrase to indicate the aspect of citizenship of citizenship each picture indicates
A. Are you a good citizen
Decide whether the following statment are true or not for you .be as sincere as possible
Complet the following sentnce ,and share your answer with your partner ,then with the whole class
I think I am a good citizen because i always clean our nighbourhood and i help people
I think I am not a good citizen because i always throw grabage in the street and i don t respect the law
Read the following example and choose the best answer
My mother loves gardening ; she has green fingers
b.My mother has a talent for gardening
Match the following idioms with their definitoins .an example is given
Fill in each blank with one of the idioms in B .make sure the word are in the correct form and tense
My friend said the test was difficult ,but i thought it was a piece of cake
I did well in the last test because i spent the whole week-end cramed for it
Mary is too green to do this job
I don't know whether i will be accepted for the job or not.The decisoin willbe taken tomorrow i 'm keeping my fingers crossed
Sally said she was sorry for not calling she was on the go all week long
Peter's felt blue these dyas .He spends most of his free time all alone at home
Would you switch off that radio, Bob It 's really got nerves
During my stay in london , it raining cats and dogs . we spent most of our time in the hotel room
Read and listen to this conversation betwen two colleagues and underline the experssions of regret
C What would you say in these situation
Sutuation 1 : you have realised that you have wasted a lot of time in cyber café
i feel sorry i wasted a lot of time in cyber café
Sutuation 2 : your friends asked you to go on an excursion with them but you refused the excurision ,however was a marvellous one
if only i had gone with my friends to the excursion
Sutuation 3 : Your friends askrd you to join in an English evening class but you now realise their english has improved
i wish i had joined ENGlish evening class
SOME rules of expression of regret
Example
I Wish i had revised my lessons
Example
If only i had bought a car
Respond to the following situations using IF Only or Wish to express regret
i wish i had got up eraly
if only i loked my scooter
i wish i had lent my oPod to my friend
THE lesson
اضغط هنا للحصول علي الدرس
هنـــــــــــــــــــا
Examples
In indirect speech adverbs and adverbial phrases of time and place as well as demonstrative pronouns
A read the following text reported by Mr Katim ans answer the question below
How long did the Amercican guset teacher stay in Ifrane when he met Mr -karim
he stayed three weeks
Put the parafraph above into a conversational form using direct speech
Read the paragraph again and underline the worlds that have undergone some changes in the conversation
Writing: For and against essay
Read the following text and complete outline bellow
Read the text again and underline world and coby them in your notebook
Nowadyas
One opint in favour
Also
On the other hand
so
To sump up
C are you for or against voluntary work
Nowadyas , more and more poeple want to do voluntary work to make their city more beautiful and clean
Morever when they do voluntary work they make a good thing to thier communities and of course all people will respcet them them and they will be a good citizen
On The other hand ,there are some poeple hate to do voluntary work because they don t have enough time
or they feel embarrased when they do it .Morever some of them said that they didn't do a work without money
To sump up there are money argumments both for and against voluntary work .Every one is different .and all in all woluntary work is a good thing to develp our communities
A. what is a citizenship
With your partner ,complete the following word-web with any of the words that you think are related to the word "citizenship ,then share your finding with the whole class
Look at the following pictures and write a word or phrase to indicate the aspect of citizenship of citizenship each picture indicates
A. Are you a good citizen
Decide whether the following statment are true or not for you .be as sincere as possible
Complet the following sentnce ,and share your answer with your partner ,then with the whole class
I think I am a good citizen because i always clean our nighbourhood and i help people
I think I am not a good citizen because i always throw grabage in the street and i don t respect the law
Read the following example and choose the best answer
My mother loves gardening ; she has green fingers
b.My mother has a talent for gardening
Match the following idioms with their definitoins .an example is given
Fill in each blank with one of the idioms in B .make sure the word are in the correct form and tense
My friend said the test was difficult ,but i thought it was a piece of cake
I did well in the last test because i spent the whole week-end cramed for it
Mary is too green to do this job
I don't know whether i will be accepted for the job or not.The decisoin willbe taken tomorrow i 'm keeping my fingers crossed
Sally said she was sorry for not calling she was on the go all week long
Peter's felt blue these dyas .He spends most of his free time all alone at home
Would you switch off that radio, Bob It 's really got nerves
During my stay in london , it raining cats and dogs . we spent most of our time in the hotel room
Read and listen to this conversation betwen two colleagues and underline the experssions of regret
C What would you say in these situation
Sutuation 1 : you have realised that you have wasted a lot of time in cyber café
i feel sorry i wasted a lot of time in cyber café
Sutuation 2 : your friends asked you to go on an excursion with them but you refused the excurision ,however was a marvellous one
if only i had gone with my friends to the excursion
Sutuation 3 : Your friends askrd you to join in an English evening class but you now realise their english has improved
i wish i had joined ENGlish evening class
SOME rules of expression of regret
Example
I Wish i had revised my lessons
Example
If only i had bought a car
Respond to the following situations using IF Only or Wish to express regret
i wish i had got up eraly
if only i loked my scooter
i wish i had lent my oPod to my friend
THE lesson
اضغط هنا للحصول علي الدرس
هنـــــــــــــــــــا
Examples
In indirect speech adverbs and adverbial phrases of time and place as well as demonstrative pronouns
A read the following text reported by Mr Katim ans answer the question below
How long did the Amercican guset teacher stay in Ifrane when he met Mr -karim
he stayed three weeks
Put the parafraph above into a conversational form using direct speech
Read the paragraph again and underline the worlds that have undergone some changes in the conversation
Writing: For and against essay
Read the following text and complete outline bellow
Read the text again and underline world and coby them in your notebook
Nowadyas
One opint in favour
Also
On the other hand
so
To sump up
C are you for or against voluntary work
Nowadyas , more and more poeple want to do voluntary work to make their city more beautiful and clean
Morever when they do voluntary work they make a good thing to thier communities and of course all people will respcet them them and they will be a good citizen
On The other hand ,there are some poeple hate to do voluntary work because they don t have enough time
or they feel embarrased when they do it .Morever some of them said that they didn't do a work without money
To sump up there are money argumments both for and against voluntary work .Every one is different .and all in all woluntary work is a good thing to develp our communities
unit six
A. With your partner ,look at these pictures and answer the questoins ,then answers with the whole class
Who are these people -
What do they do -
They are humourists
Can you cite other humourists -
Said Nassiri ,Mohamed Hinidi,Khayari
Which humourist do you prefer best and why-
For me the best humourist is Adil Imam because have a nice comedy films when you watch it you laugh
Definition
Collocatoin means the way that words form predictable relationship with other words .For example Take a look or Have a look but not Make a look or Get a look.Collocatoins either fixed or more flexible ,are the
result of many years of habitual use by fluent speakers of the language
More Example
A. Read and listen to the dailogue and answer the following question
Who tends ro be less critical of the company's new policy
a-Tom b-James c- Bill
Some expressoin of Agreeing & disagreeing
A. With your partner, discuss the following situations using the expression in the table above
Father: There's too much violence on Tv
Son: Yes i agree with you my father
Teacher: Humour is very important in our life
Student: I think you are right sir
The lesson follow with me
Example
Form
Use
conditional type III is used to express conditoin in the past that didn t happen .It is often used to express
criticism or regret using would have ,could have,or should have
More examples
Note also that third conditional forms can be contracted
If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma
Exercises in book
A. Read the text and answer the question below
Why didn't Hamid tell his parents about the picnic
Because he know that his parnets wouldn't left him to go to this picnic
why was the picnic not as successful as Hamid and his friends has hoped for
Because they had a road accident and one of their friend hurt
why did they have a road accident
Because The taxi driver was driving so quiqly and the road was so narrow and in bad conditoin
why couldn't Hamid call his parents
Because he went to the picnic without tell them and he felt that he do a big mistake
C.Match the parts of sentences in column A with the ones in column B
D.Rewrite the following sentence using conditional type III
Kamal crashed his car ,because he feel asleep while driving
if he hadn't felt asleep while drivig, he wouldn't have crashed his car
We coudn't go to the concert,because we didn't have enough money
if we had had enough money , we would have gone to the concert
I lose my job because I was always late for work
i Woudn't have lost my job if i hadn 't was late for work
I coudn't call shaly because i had lost her number
i could have called sally if i hadn't lost het number
B. Your friend has just sent you a letter that there in no use in watching comedy films write a reply to convince
hil of the importance of watching such films
Outline
I was very happy when i read yout letter but what made me sad is that you don t like to watch comedy films
there are many people when they are feeling sad they are watching comedy films in orther to get a good
feeling, some of them they are just watching comdey films for laughing and you u have to knwo that the
laughter is a powerful medcine that comes with many health benefits .It's good for our heart ,gives our body a healthy workout ,improves brain functoiin and is great stress buster
For me I Prefer comdey film than actoin films because when i watch the first i enjoy more than seconed
and also i forget all my problems and troubles that happen to me all day
at the end my friend i advice you to watch comdey films because they are the best way to forget our problems
i am waiting your letter
your friend
Mohamed
A. With your partner ,look at these pictures and answer the questoins ,then answers with the whole class
Who are these people -
What do they do -
They are humourists
Can you cite other humourists -
Said Nassiri ,Mohamed Hinidi,Khayari
Which humourist do you prefer best and why-
For me the best humourist is Adil Imam because have a nice comedy films when you watch it you laugh
Definition
Collocatoin means the way that words form predictable relationship with other words .For example Take a look or Have a look but not Make a look or Get a look.Collocatoins either fixed or more flexible ,are the
result of many years of habitual use by fluent speakers of the language
More Example
A. Read and listen to the dailogue and answer the following question
Who tends ro be less critical of the company's new policy
a-Tom b-James c- Bill
Some expressoin of Agreeing & disagreeing
A. With your partner, discuss the following situations using the expression in the table above
Father: There's too much violence on Tv
Son: Yes i agree with you my father
Teacher: Humour is very important in our life
Student: I think you are right sir
The lesson follow with me
Example
Form
Use
conditional type III is used to express conditoin in the past that didn t happen .It is often used to express
criticism or regret using would have ,could have,or should have
More examples
Note also that third conditional forms can be contracted
If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma
Exercises in book
A. Read the text and answer the question below
Why didn't Hamid tell his parents about the picnic
Because he know that his parnets wouldn't left him to go to this picnic
why was the picnic not as successful as Hamid and his friends has hoped for
Because they had a road accident and one of their friend hurt
why did they have a road accident
Because The taxi driver was driving so quiqly and the road was so narrow and in bad conditoin
why couldn't Hamid call his parents
Because he went to the picnic without tell them and he felt that he do a big mistake
C.Match the parts of sentences in column A with the ones in column B
D.Rewrite the following sentence using conditional type III
Kamal crashed his car ,because he feel asleep while driving
if he hadn't felt asleep while drivig, he wouldn't have crashed his car
We coudn't go to the concert,because we didn't have enough money
if we had had enough money , we would have gone to the concert
I lose my job because I was always late for work
i Woudn't have lost my job if i hadn 't was late for work
I coudn't call shaly because i had lost her number
i could have called sally if i hadn't lost het number
B. Your friend has just sent you a letter that there in no use in watching comedy films write a reply to convince
hil of the importance of watching such films
Outline
I was very happy when i read yout letter but what made me sad is that you don t like to watch comedy films
there are many people when they are feeling sad they are watching comedy films in orther to get a good
feeling, some of them they are just watching comdey films for laughing and you u have to knwo that the
laughter is a powerful medcine that comes with many health benefits .It's good for our heart ,gives our body a healthy workout ,improves brain functoiin and is great stress buster
For me I Prefer comdey film than actoin films because when i watch the first i enjoy more than seconed
and also i forget all my problems and troubles that happen to me all day
at the end my friend i advice you to watch comdey films because they are the best way to forget our problems
i am waiting your letter
your friend
Mohamed
UNIT 4:WOMEN AND POWER
مفردات النصوص في الصفحة 62 من الوحدة 4
Goodwill ambassadorسفير النوايا الحسنة
To win a gold medalأن تربح ميدالية ذهبية
Non- governmental organizationsالمنظمات الغير حكومية
Peasant womenالنساء المزارعات
Women laborersالنساء العاملات
Maidservantsالخادمات
To win an awardأن تربح جائزة
She earned a degreeنالت درجة/شهادة
A screenwriterكاتبت سيناريو تلفزية
To struggleأن تناضل
The independence Manifestoعارضة الاستقلال
To set foot on the moonتضع قدمك على سطح القمر
To raise Morocco ’s flagأن ترفع العلم المغربي
---------------------------------------------------------------Strenghten Your Vocabularyverbs that go with award and degreeصفحة 64
--------------------------------------------
أهم مفردات النصوص الصفحة 65
Women working incredibly hard نساء يعملن بجدية لا يمكن تصورها/ تصديقها
They are outstanding performersهن يؤدون –عملهم- بشكل ممتاز
To run a companyأن تدير شركة
I am for power-sharingأن مع تقاسم السلطة
Keyمفتاح/ الحل
Assetsشيء لا غنى عنه
To rely uponأن تعتمد على
Newsworthyخبر يستحق الحديث عنه في الصحافة والجرائد
Upfrontصريح و مواجه للحقيقة
Women with high-ranking jobsنساء دوي أعمال ومهن رفيعة المستوى
A good citizenمواطن صالح
--------------------------------------Asking and Giving opinionدرس الصفحة 70
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A complete list of irregular verbs for bac2 students لائحة الأفعال الغير المنتظمة بالنسبة لأصحاب الباكلوريالائحة شافية وكافية مع أمثلة في الأخير لبعض الأفعال الجديدةلا تحتاج مع هذه اللائحة لأي لوائح أخرى
---------------------------------------------------
أهم مفردات النص صفحة 66 من الوحدة 4Remarkable Leila Abouzeid
To excel inأن تتفوق في شيءTo autograph the books and novelsتضع أوتوغراف/ أو خاتم للكاتب على كتابه أو روايتهA giftهدية/ عطيةA pioneerسباقة/ الأولى في فعل شيءTo dedicate oneself toأن تهب نفسك/ تتفرغ /للكتابة مثلاTo relate events of the storyلرواية أحداث القصةYear of the elephantأشهر روايات الكاتبة ليلى أبو زيد- عام الفيل-The struggle against poverty النضال ضد الفقر/ محاربة الفقرConflicts within familiesالصراعات داخل الأسرA semi-autobiographyنصف/ شبه سيرة ذاتيةWorth readingتستحق القراءة
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reported Speech
Reported speech هو ما يعرف بالفرنسية ب STYLE INDIRECT أي أن شخص ما يقول شيء ويريد أخر أن يردد نفس الكلام بنسبه إلى صاحبه مثال على ذلك رئيس دولة يخطب لشعبه و يقول **سأوفر لكم العمل والأمان**إذا أراد مذيع الأخبار إذاعة نفس الخبر في الأخبار فليس بامكانه القول ** سأوفر لكم العمل والأمان**بل سيقول قال السيد الرئيس أنه سيوفر لكم العمل والأمانأي أنه يطرأ على الجملة الأصلية بعض التغييرات و هذا ما يعرف ب REPORTED SPEECH
هذا الجدول يوضح جميع قواعد Reported speech في أحد صيغ الماضي عندما يكون فعل التقديم أو Reporting verb في صيغة الماضي
وكما هو واضح فان الفعل يتغير من
Present → PastSimple past → past perfectPresent continuous → past continuousCan → couldShall → shouldMay → mightWill → wouldMust → had toI am going to → i was going to
هذه هي التغييرات المهمة في الدرس ولكن يجب الحذر من أنه عندما يكون الفعل التقديم في زمن من أزمنة المضارع فلا يجب تغيير زمن الجملة الأولى مثال “I am driving home” the driver saysThe driver says he is drivinghome.هنا نحتفظ بنفس الزمن – المضارع -
لا حظ عندما أغير الفعل التقدمي إلى الماضي « I am driving home » the driver saidThe driversaid he was driving homeأي نطبق القواعد الموجودة بالجدول أي من المضارع إلى الماضي
بعض الأفعال التقديمية تستوجب تطبيق قواعد مغايرةهذه الأفعال هي
AdviseWarnInsistSuggest
Offer
Examples « Take this medicine » the doctor advised his patientThe doctor advised his patient to takemedicineنستعملto + infinitive
« Don’t stay out late at night » the doctor warnedhis patientThe doctor warned his patientnot to stay out late at night
نستعملNot to + infinitive
« I take those courses »thestudent insistedThe studentinsisted ontakingthose coursesنستعملOn + veb+ing
“Why don’t you take some rest” the man suggestedThe mansuggested that youshould take some restSuggest that + should
“I will help you “the teacher offeredThe teacher offered tohelpOffered + to + infinitive
هناك جدول في الكتاب المدرسي فيه جرد لجميع هذه الأفعال و ذلك في الصفحة 72
مفردات النصوص في الصفحة 62 من الوحدة 4
Goodwill ambassadorسفير النوايا الحسنة
To win a gold medalأن تربح ميدالية ذهبية
Non- governmental organizationsالمنظمات الغير حكومية
Peasant womenالنساء المزارعات
Women laborersالنساء العاملات
Maidservantsالخادمات
To win an awardأن تربح جائزة
She earned a degreeنالت درجة/شهادة
A screenwriterكاتبت سيناريو تلفزية
To struggleأن تناضل
The independence Manifestoعارضة الاستقلال
To set foot on the moonتضع قدمك على سطح القمر
To raise Morocco ’s flagأن ترفع العلم المغربي
---------------------------------------------------------------Strenghten Your Vocabularyverbs that go with award and degreeصفحة 64
--------------------------------------------
أهم مفردات النصوص الصفحة 65
Women working incredibly hard نساء يعملن بجدية لا يمكن تصورها/ تصديقها
They are outstanding performersهن يؤدون –عملهم- بشكل ممتاز
To run a companyأن تدير شركة
I am for power-sharingأن مع تقاسم السلطة
Keyمفتاح/ الحل
Assetsشيء لا غنى عنه
To rely uponأن تعتمد على
Newsworthyخبر يستحق الحديث عنه في الصحافة والجرائد
Upfrontصريح و مواجه للحقيقة
Women with high-ranking jobsنساء دوي أعمال ومهن رفيعة المستوى
A good citizenمواطن صالح
--------------------------------------Asking and Giving opinionدرس الصفحة 70
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A complete list of irregular verbs for bac2 students لائحة الأفعال الغير المنتظمة بالنسبة لأصحاب الباكلوريالائحة شافية وكافية مع أمثلة في الأخير لبعض الأفعال الجديدةلا تحتاج مع هذه اللائحة لأي لوائح أخرى
---------------------------------------------------
أهم مفردات النص صفحة 66 من الوحدة 4Remarkable Leila Abouzeid
To excel inأن تتفوق في شيءTo autograph the books and novelsتضع أوتوغراف/ أو خاتم للكاتب على كتابه أو روايتهA giftهدية/ عطيةA pioneerسباقة/ الأولى في فعل شيءTo dedicate oneself toأن تهب نفسك/ تتفرغ /للكتابة مثلاTo relate events of the storyلرواية أحداث القصةYear of the elephantأشهر روايات الكاتبة ليلى أبو زيد- عام الفيل-The struggle against poverty النضال ضد الفقر/ محاربة الفقرConflicts within familiesالصراعات داخل الأسرA semi-autobiographyنصف/ شبه سيرة ذاتيةWorth readingتستحق القراءة
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reported Speech
Reported speech هو ما يعرف بالفرنسية ب STYLE INDIRECT أي أن شخص ما يقول شيء ويريد أخر أن يردد نفس الكلام بنسبه إلى صاحبه مثال على ذلك رئيس دولة يخطب لشعبه و يقول **سأوفر لكم العمل والأمان**إذا أراد مذيع الأخبار إذاعة نفس الخبر في الأخبار فليس بامكانه القول ** سأوفر لكم العمل والأمان**بل سيقول قال السيد الرئيس أنه سيوفر لكم العمل والأمانأي أنه يطرأ على الجملة الأصلية بعض التغييرات و هذا ما يعرف ب REPORTED SPEECH
هذا الجدول يوضح جميع قواعد Reported speech في أحد صيغ الماضي عندما يكون فعل التقديم أو Reporting verb في صيغة الماضي
وكما هو واضح فان الفعل يتغير من
Present → PastSimple past → past perfectPresent continuous → past continuousCan → couldShall → shouldMay → mightWill → wouldMust → had toI am going to → i was going to
هذه هي التغييرات المهمة في الدرس ولكن يجب الحذر من أنه عندما يكون الفعل التقديم في زمن من أزمنة المضارع فلا يجب تغيير زمن الجملة الأولى مثال “I am driving home” the driver saysThe driver says he is drivinghome.هنا نحتفظ بنفس الزمن – المضارع -
لا حظ عندما أغير الفعل التقدمي إلى الماضي « I am driving home » the driver saidThe driversaid he was driving homeأي نطبق القواعد الموجودة بالجدول أي من المضارع إلى الماضي
بعض الأفعال التقديمية تستوجب تطبيق قواعد مغايرةهذه الأفعال هي
AdviseWarnInsistSuggest
Offer
Examples « Take this medicine » the doctor advised his patientThe doctor advised his patient to takemedicineنستعملto + infinitive
« Don’t stay out late at night » the doctor warnedhis patientThe doctor warned his patientnot to stay out late at night
نستعملNot to + infinitive
« I take those courses »thestudent insistedThe studentinsisted ontakingthose coursesنستعملOn + veb+ing
“Why don’t you take some rest” the man suggestedThe mansuggested that youshould take some restSuggest that + should
“I will help you “the teacher offeredThe teacher offered tohelpOffered + to + infinitive
هناك جدول في الكتاب المدرسي فيه جرد لجميع هذه الأفعال و ذلك في الصفحة 72
UNIT 3: ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
أهم مفردات نصوص الصفحة 47 – الوحدة الثالثة-
Shape : to cause (something) to have a particular character or nature; form تشكل
To be scientifically literateأن تكون لك معرفةعلميةTo have well -reasoned viewsأن تكون لك آراءمعقولة
To identify pseudo-scientific claimsالتحقق من الادعاءاتالعلمية الزائفة
Literate citizensمواطنينمتعلمين
Beneficialنافع
Think criticallyالتفكير بشكلنقدي
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSEعبارات التعبير عن الغرض ص49So / so as to / in order to* We use so / so as to / in order to , to express purposeExample ?A: Why did you call himB: I called him in order to / so as to / to invite him* The negatives are not to / in order not to / so as not to Example I called him not to congratulate him, but to invite him
---------------------------------------------------------------------- هنا تجدون نص الصفحة 50 من وحدة Advancesin Science and Technology
Insights into English: Text page 50PART A:Advancesin technology have changed the way we live and communicate, but no breakthroughhas revolutionized life as the advent of the « wireless ». In the 1980’s, telephones were stuck to walls. , facts were found in books and people had tobrowse shelves in a record store if they wanted to buy the latest music. Now, access to all of that and more is found by just reaching into our pockets. Withnew mobile technology and wireless technologies, information has become easilyaccessible. In the Information Age having immediate access to data isfundamental to progress. In some cases the advances are serving to overhaulindustries at a very fast pace. The internet has allowed music lovers to changethe way music industry does business. Text messaging over cell phones has madewritten communication more immediate. How many text messages have you senttoday? Having a com****r in almost every home was instrumental to this massivetechnology change. Now, having com****r access is available everywhere- well, almost everywhere. And just as com****r use worldwide is exploding, the brainsbehind them – the processors- are getting smaller. Today, a tiny com****r chipcan hold huge amounts of data. We can now store tons of information in a cellphone a digital camera and have them at our disposaleverywhere. When theinternet age dawned, the World Wide Web looked entirely unproblematic. Todayhowever, we face online scams and viruses
--xx--ingyour entertainmentexperienceTechnological advances have also transformedthe entertainment industry. Satellite television and radio give us more choices. The development of the remote control allows us to access our preferredchannels. Video game technology has made great strides, too
Breakthrough = an important discovery oreventThe wireless was an important breakthrough inscienceحدث مهم
2- Fundamental = ImportantScientific research is fundamental to progressمهم/ جوهري
3- Online scams: online fraudOnline scamis a major problem forinternet for online shoppersعملية احتيال
4 - To make strides = to make headways/ to makeprogressأن تحقق تقدما مهما
2
PART A:
Looking into thefutureManylife-changing innovations have been made in scientific laboratories. Researchershave decoded the genetic make-up of many organisms, which led to advances inbiotechnology, the science of manipulating and organism’s genetic material. DNAtesting and forensic science has made it extremely possible to reunite anunidentified baby with his parents after a natural disaster, for example. Amazing new technologies are changing the way crimes are investigated andsolved. Scientists are making headways in biometrics, which is the science ofdigitizing information such as fingerprints or facial features for accurateidentification
Making advances
Hybrid vehicles – thosevehicles that use at least two power sources, typically gasoline and electricitywill soon be on the market everywhere. The compact fluorescent light bulb is low -tech. Yet, it has revolutionized the quality of life. It is one of the mostsuccessful energy- saving devices developed to date. There are advances ineverything. From banking to shopping to investing, technology and the internetare transforming the way we conduct our global banking and financing. Bankcustomers can see everything from their checking account and savings account tohome mortgages and credit cards. Now they can do all of that 24 hours a day, seven days a week from their own homes. Breakthroughs in defense technologychanged the face of warfare. Smart bombs are guided to their targets bysatellites. Robots are used to disarm bombs. Laser technology is applied inmedicine and CD and DVD recording and playback. In space exploration, unmannedspacecraft have landed on Mars. The sky’s the limit for new technologyindustries!!
الأجوبة على أسئلة النص
For instance= forexampleTo make headways= tomake progressBiometrics= scienceof digitizing informationHybrid vehicles= avehicle that uses two sources of power; gasoline andelectricityHome mortgages= agreement that allows you to borrow money from a bank to buy ahouseقرض عقاري
Text Col********s page 50Part A
Col********sCol********sare: the way in which somewords are usedtogether
For example: commit a crimeفي الإنجليزية هناك كلمات تأتي دائما في الكلام مع بعضها البعض وتسمى col********اليوم ندرس بعض من هذه الكلمات التي في نص ص 50 من كتاب
Insights Into English
Verb+adjective+ noun
Adjective + Noun
Noun+Noun
Adverb+ Adjective
-To have immediate access
-To have com****r access
-To make great strides
-Wireless world
-Mobile technology
-Digital camera
-Online scams
-Technological advances
-The remote control
-Record store
-The information age
-Music industry
-Music lovers
-Entertainment industry
-Satellite television
-Easily accessible
Part B
Verb+adjective+ noun
Adjective + Noun
Noun+Noun
Adverb+ Adjective
- to make extremely possible
-to make headways
-life-changing innovations
-scientific laboratories
- forensic science
-natural disaster
- -hybrid vehicles
-- facial features
- unmanned spacecraft
-power sources
-bank customers
-savings account
-credit cards
-home mortgages
-defence technology
-smart bombs
-laser technology
الشروحات
To have immediate accessأن يكون لك حق استعمال شيء بشكل فوري EX/ Thanks to the internet, people have immediate access to data
To have com****r accessأن يكون لك حق استعمال الإنترنيت EX/Most young people have com****r access in their cities
To make great stridesأن تحرز تقدما مهما EX/ Scientists made great strides in technological sciences
Wireless worldعالم ألاسلكي EX/They made great strides in wireless world technology
Scientific laboratoriesالمختبرات العلمية
Digital cameraالكاميرا الرقمية
Forensic scienceالعلم الشرعي EX/ Great advances have been made in Forensic sciences
Online scamsعمليات احتيال على الإنترنيت
Natural disasterكارثة طبيعية EX/ The Tsunami in Asia was a major Natural disaster
Technological advancesالتطورات التكنولوجية
The remote controlالتحكم عن بعد
Record storeمحل الأسطوانات الموسيقية
The information ageعصر المعلومات EX/ The 21 st century is an information age century
Entertainment industryصناعة التسلية EX/ World Disney is an example of entertainment industry
Easily accessibleيمكن الوصول إليه بسهولة EX/ With satellite TV watching films is easily accessible
To make extremely possibleأن تجعل الشيء ممكنا لأبعد الحدود EX/ The internet has made it extremely possible for students to access information
To make headwaysأن تحرز تقدما كبيرا
Life-changing innovationsابتكارات تغير الحياة
Unmanned spacecraftمركبة بدون طيار
Savings accountحساب المدخرات Defence technologyتكنولوجيا الدفاع
Smart bombsالقنابل الذكية Laser technologyتكنولوجيا الليزر ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Making Complaints about behaviour
:There are a number of formulas used when complaining in Englishهناك العديد من العبارات نستعملها لنشتكي من سلوك أحد أو الرد على الشكوى
التشكي من سلوكأحد· I'm sorry to have to say this but... · I'm sorry to bother you, but... · Maybe you forgot to... · I hate to mention this but …· Would you please stop …الرد على الشكوى· I'm very sorry .· I’m terribly sorry· I’m awfully sorry· I see no reason why I should do/stop……
:Examplesأمثلة- Complaint: I am sorry to have to say that but you are making too much noise in the room- Response: I’ m terribly sorry- Complaint: I hate to mention this but you are always late for work- Response: I see no reason why I should come early while all the clerks come late, too.
-------------------
درسLetter of complaint :writing
رسالة تشكي حول شيء اشتريته ووجدتبه خلل
Dear Sir or Madam,On 23 d of April this year I bought an HP pentuim4 com****r with the serial 410 workstation at your com****r storeUnfortunately, your com****r has not performed well because it keeps shutting itself down and the keyboard remains inactive. I am disappointed because the product does not work properlyTo resolve the problem, I would appreciate that you send someone to help repair the above mentioned com****r or else be sent my money back. Enclosed are copies of the guarantee, as well as the com****r bill priceI look forward to your reply and a resolution to my problem, and will wait until the end of this week before seeking help from a consumer protection agency or the Better Business Bureau. Please contact me at the above address or by phone at homeSincerely,Your name --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
درس الصفحة 56
Modals: Expressing degrees of certaintyالأفعال المساعدة للتعبير عن درجة اليقينية/ التأكد
"Degree of certainty" refers to how sure we are-what we think the chances are-that something is true. If we are sure that something is true in the present, we do not need to use a modal. For example, if I say, "Martha is sick," I am sure; I am stating a fact that I am sure. My degree of certainty here is 100%. If I am asked "Why isn't Martha in class?" and I am not sure of the reason, I can respond in the following ways:للتعبير عن مدى أو درجة التأكد أو اليقينية في فعل شيء ما نستعمل عدة عبارات مع أفعال مساعدة. و فيما يلي أمثلة على ذلك
1She must be sick.Here, I am 95% sure that she is (not 100%) تفيد التأكد بنسبة 95 في المئة Must
2She may be sick.Here, I am 50% sure that she isتفيد التأكد بنسبة 50 في المئة May
3She might be sick.Here, I am less than 50% sure that she isتفيد التأكد بنسبة أقل من 50 في المئة Might
4She could be sick.Here, I am stating a mere guess. This is a very weak degree of certaintyأنا فقط أقدم افتراض أي أن درجة التأكد ضعيفة Could The Negativeأسلوب النفي
Forming such sentences in the negative can be confusing. Read these sentences
Maria is not hungry.I am 100% sure that she is not hungry. كما في المثال فأنا متأكد مئة في المئة Verb to be عندما أستعمل
I don't know why Maria is not eating with us. She maynot (or might not) be hungry.I am 50% or less certain that she is not hungry.May not/ might not تفيد التأكد بنسبة 50 بالمئة
Maria cannot be hungry. She has just had diner.Here, I believe that there is no possibility that Maria is hungry, but I am not 100% sure.أعبر عن انعدام الإمكانية Can not هنا مع
Maria is not eating. She must not be hungry.Here, I am expressing a logical conclusion, a best guess. أعبر عن استنتاج منطقي ومعقول Must not هنا مع
إذا أردنا التعبير عن درجة من التأكد في الماضي يجب استعمال الصيغ التاليةModal verb + have + past participleExamplesMaria didn’t attend the meeting. She must have been sick
لا حظ عندما أغير الجملة للمضارع the present Maria doesn’t attend the meeting. She must be sickأي أننا نستعمل فقط الفعل المساعد المناسب
Could in the pastCould ماضي
Could is used to express ability in the past. Here it isلتعبير عن القدرة على القيام بشيء في الماضي Could تستعمل For example: My girlfriend could lift the desk, but I could not.--- This means that my girlfriend was able to lift the desk, but I was unable to.
I could play football when I was a kid.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Phrasal verbs الأفعال العباريةصفحة 56Phrasal verbs أو الأفعال العبارية هي الأفعال التي تتكون من فعل + حرف جر
مثل Go up , Get along, keep on
اليوم سنرى بعض الأفعال العبارية المدرجة في الوحدة الثانية من كتابIntoEnglishInsightsمع حروف الجر Up, down , along, across, on
Up: for increasingتفيد الزيادة في الشيء :ExPrices have gone up
Up: for completionتفيد إنهاء شيئ ما :Ex!Drink your milk up
Down: for decreasingتفيد النقصان :ExPrices have come down
Up and Down: for excitement interest and happinessيفيداني الإثارة والإهتمام والفرح :ExCalm down!Cheer up. Life is too short to be so unhappy
Along: for relationshipsتفيد العلاقة
:ExI get along with my classmates
Across: so as to be understood or learnedتفيد الإيصال والإفهام Ex:He couldn’tgetthe ideaacrosstothe students
On: for progressتفيد الصيرورة والإستمرار :ExThe work is good. Just keep on
لنا عودة معا باقي الأفعال في الصفحة 56 في اقرب الأوقات
أهم مفردات نصوص الصفحة 47 – الوحدة الثالثة-
Shape : to cause (something) to have a particular character or nature; form تشكل
To be scientifically literateأن تكون لك معرفةعلميةTo have well -reasoned viewsأن تكون لك آراءمعقولة
To identify pseudo-scientific claimsالتحقق من الادعاءاتالعلمية الزائفة
Literate citizensمواطنينمتعلمين
Beneficialنافع
Think criticallyالتفكير بشكلنقدي
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSEعبارات التعبير عن الغرض ص49So / so as to / in order to* We use so / so as to / in order to , to express purposeExample ?A: Why did you call himB: I called him in order to / so as to / to invite him* The negatives are not to / in order not to / so as not to Example I called him not to congratulate him, but to invite him
---------------------------------------------------------------------- هنا تجدون نص الصفحة 50 من وحدة Advancesin Science and Technology
Insights into English: Text page 50PART A:Advancesin technology have changed the way we live and communicate, but no breakthroughhas revolutionized life as the advent of the « wireless ». In the 1980’s, telephones were stuck to walls. , facts were found in books and people had tobrowse shelves in a record store if they wanted to buy the latest music. Now, access to all of that and more is found by just reaching into our pockets. Withnew mobile technology and wireless technologies, information has become easilyaccessible. In the Information Age having immediate access to data isfundamental to progress. In some cases the advances are serving to overhaulindustries at a very fast pace. The internet has allowed music lovers to changethe way music industry does business. Text messaging over cell phones has madewritten communication more immediate. How many text messages have you senttoday? Having a com****r in almost every home was instrumental to this massivetechnology change. Now, having com****r access is available everywhere- well, almost everywhere. And just as com****r use worldwide is exploding, the brainsbehind them – the processors- are getting smaller. Today, a tiny com****r chipcan hold huge amounts of data. We can now store tons of information in a cellphone a digital camera and have them at our disposaleverywhere. When theinternet age dawned, the World Wide Web looked entirely unproblematic. Todayhowever, we face online scams and viruses
--xx--ingyour entertainmentexperienceTechnological advances have also transformedthe entertainment industry. Satellite television and radio give us more choices. The development of the remote control allows us to access our preferredchannels. Video game technology has made great strides, too
Breakthrough = an important discovery oreventThe wireless was an important breakthrough inscienceحدث مهم
2- Fundamental = ImportantScientific research is fundamental to progressمهم/ جوهري
3- Online scams: online fraudOnline scamis a major problem forinternet for online shoppersعملية احتيال
4 - To make strides = to make headways/ to makeprogressأن تحقق تقدما مهما
2
PART A:
Looking into thefutureManylife-changing innovations have been made in scientific laboratories. Researchershave decoded the genetic make-up of many organisms, which led to advances inbiotechnology, the science of manipulating and organism’s genetic material. DNAtesting and forensic science has made it extremely possible to reunite anunidentified baby with his parents after a natural disaster, for example. Amazing new technologies are changing the way crimes are investigated andsolved. Scientists are making headways in biometrics, which is the science ofdigitizing information such as fingerprints or facial features for accurateidentification
Making advances
Hybrid vehicles – thosevehicles that use at least two power sources, typically gasoline and electricitywill soon be on the market everywhere. The compact fluorescent light bulb is low -tech. Yet, it has revolutionized the quality of life. It is one of the mostsuccessful energy- saving devices developed to date. There are advances ineverything. From banking to shopping to investing, technology and the internetare transforming the way we conduct our global banking and financing. Bankcustomers can see everything from their checking account and savings account tohome mortgages and credit cards. Now they can do all of that 24 hours a day, seven days a week from their own homes. Breakthroughs in defense technologychanged the face of warfare. Smart bombs are guided to their targets bysatellites. Robots are used to disarm bombs. Laser technology is applied inmedicine and CD and DVD recording and playback. In space exploration, unmannedspacecraft have landed on Mars. The sky’s the limit for new technologyindustries!!
الأجوبة على أسئلة النص
For instance= forexampleTo make headways= tomake progressBiometrics= scienceof digitizing informationHybrid vehicles= avehicle that uses two sources of power; gasoline andelectricityHome mortgages= agreement that allows you to borrow money from a bank to buy ahouseقرض عقاري
Text Col********s page 50Part A
Col********sCol********sare: the way in which somewords are usedtogether
For example: commit a crimeفي الإنجليزية هناك كلمات تأتي دائما في الكلام مع بعضها البعض وتسمى col********اليوم ندرس بعض من هذه الكلمات التي في نص ص 50 من كتاب
Insights Into English
Verb+adjective+ noun
Adjective + Noun
Noun+Noun
Adverb+ Adjective
-To have immediate access
-To have com****r access
-To make great strides
-Wireless world
-Mobile technology
-Digital camera
-Online scams
-Technological advances
-The remote control
-Record store
-The information age
-Music industry
-Music lovers
-Entertainment industry
-Satellite television
-Easily accessible
Part B
Verb+adjective+ noun
Adjective + Noun
Noun+Noun
Adverb+ Adjective
- to make extremely possible
-to make headways
-life-changing innovations
-scientific laboratories
- forensic science
-natural disaster
- -hybrid vehicles
-- facial features
- unmanned spacecraft
-power sources
-bank customers
-savings account
-credit cards
-home mortgages
-defence technology
-smart bombs
-laser technology
الشروحات
To have immediate accessأن يكون لك حق استعمال شيء بشكل فوري EX/ Thanks to the internet, people have immediate access to data
To have com****r accessأن يكون لك حق استعمال الإنترنيت EX/Most young people have com****r access in their cities
To make great stridesأن تحرز تقدما مهما EX/ Scientists made great strides in technological sciences
Wireless worldعالم ألاسلكي EX/They made great strides in wireless world technology
Scientific laboratoriesالمختبرات العلمية
Digital cameraالكاميرا الرقمية
Forensic scienceالعلم الشرعي EX/ Great advances have been made in Forensic sciences
Online scamsعمليات احتيال على الإنترنيت
Natural disasterكارثة طبيعية EX/ The Tsunami in Asia was a major Natural disaster
Technological advancesالتطورات التكنولوجية
The remote controlالتحكم عن بعد
Record storeمحل الأسطوانات الموسيقية
The information ageعصر المعلومات EX/ The 21 st century is an information age century
Entertainment industryصناعة التسلية EX/ World Disney is an example of entertainment industry
Easily accessibleيمكن الوصول إليه بسهولة EX/ With satellite TV watching films is easily accessible
To make extremely possibleأن تجعل الشيء ممكنا لأبعد الحدود EX/ The internet has made it extremely possible for students to access information
To make headwaysأن تحرز تقدما كبيرا
Life-changing innovationsابتكارات تغير الحياة
Unmanned spacecraftمركبة بدون طيار
Savings accountحساب المدخرات Defence technologyتكنولوجيا الدفاع
Smart bombsالقنابل الذكية Laser technologyتكنولوجيا الليزر ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Making Complaints about behaviour
:There are a number of formulas used when complaining in Englishهناك العديد من العبارات نستعملها لنشتكي من سلوك أحد أو الرد على الشكوى
التشكي من سلوكأحد· I'm sorry to have to say this but... · I'm sorry to bother you, but... · Maybe you forgot to... · I hate to mention this but …· Would you please stop …الرد على الشكوى· I'm very sorry .· I’m terribly sorry· I’m awfully sorry· I see no reason why I should do/stop……
:Examplesأمثلة- Complaint: I am sorry to have to say that but you are making too much noise in the room- Response: I’ m terribly sorry- Complaint: I hate to mention this but you are always late for work- Response: I see no reason why I should come early while all the clerks come late, too.
-------------------
درسLetter of complaint :writing
رسالة تشكي حول شيء اشتريته ووجدتبه خلل
Dear Sir or Madam,On 23 d of April this year I bought an HP pentuim4 com****r with the serial 410 workstation at your com****r storeUnfortunately, your com****r has not performed well because it keeps shutting itself down and the keyboard remains inactive. I am disappointed because the product does not work properlyTo resolve the problem, I would appreciate that you send someone to help repair the above mentioned com****r or else be sent my money back. Enclosed are copies of the guarantee, as well as the com****r bill priceI look forward to your reply and a resolution to my problem, and will wait until the end of this week before seeking help from a consumer protection agency or the Better Business Bureau. Please contact me at the above address or by phone at homeSincerely,Your name --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
درس الصفحة 56
Modals: Expressing degrees of certaintyالأفعال المساعدة للتعبير عن درجة اليقينية/ التأكد
"Degree of certainty" refers to how sure we are-what we think the chances are-that something is true. If we are sure that something is true in the present, we do not need to use a modal. For example, if I say, "Martha is sick," I am sure; I am stating a fact that I am sure. My degree of certainty here is 100%. If I am asked "Why isn't Martha in class?" and I am not sure of the reason, I can respond in the following ways:للتعبير عن مدى أو درجة التأكد أو اليقينية في فعل شيء ما نستعمل عدة عبارات مع أفعال مساعدة. و فيما يلي أمثلة على ذلك
1She must be sick.Here, I am 95% sure that she is (not 100%) تفيد التأكد بنسبة 95 في المئة Must
2She may be sick.Here, I am 50% sure that she isتفيد التأكد بنسبة 50 في المئة May
3She might be sick.Here, I am less than 50% sure that she isتفيد التأكد بنسبة أقل من 50 في المئة Might
4She could be sick.Here, I am stating a mere guess. This is a very weak degree of certaintyأنا فقط أقدم افتراض أي أن درجة التأكد ضعيفة Could The Negativeأسلوب النفي
Forming such sentences in the negative can be confusing. Read these sentences
Maria is not hungry.I am 100% sure that she is not hungry. كما في المثال فأنا متأكد مئة في المئة Verb to be عندما أستعمل
I don't know why Maria is not eating with us. She maynot (or might not) be hungry.I am 50% or less certain that she is not hungry.May not/ might not تفيد التأكد بنسبة 50 بالمئة
Maria cannot be hungry. She has just had diner.Here, I believe that there is no possibility that Maria is hungry, but I am not 100% sure.أعبر عن انعدام الإمكانية Can not هنا مع
Maria is not eating. She must not be hungry.Here, I am expressing a logical conclusion, a best guess. أعبر عن استنتاج منطقي ومعقول Must not هنا مع
إذا أردنا التعبير عن درجة من التأكد في الماضي يجب استعمال الصيغ التاليةModal verb + have + past participleExamplesMaria didn’t attend the meeting. She must have been sick
لا حظ عندما أغير الجملة للمضارع the present Maria doesn’t attend the meeting. She must be sickأي أننا نستعمل فقط الفعل المساعد المناسب
Could in the pastCould ماضي
Could is used to express ability in the past. Here it isلتعبير عن القدرة على القيام بشيء في الماضي Could تستعمل For example: My girlfriend could lift the desk, but I could not.--- This means that my girlfriend was able to lift the desk, but I was unable to.
I could play football when I was a kid.
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Phrasal verbs الأفعال العباريةصفحة 56Phrasal verbs أو الأفعال العبارية هي الأفعال التي تتكون من فعل + حرف جر
مثل Go up , Get along, keep on
اليوم سنرى بعض الأفعال العبارية المدرجة في الوحدة الثانية من كتابIntoEnglishInsightsمع حروف الجر Up, down , along, across, on
Up: for increasingتفيد الزيادة في الشيء :ExPrices have gone up
Up: for completionتفيد إنهاء شيئ ما :Ex!Drink your milk up
Down: for decreasingتفيد النقصان :ExPrices have come down
Up and Down: for excitement interest and happinessيفيداني الإثارة والإهتمام والفرح :ExCalm down!Cheer up. Life is too short to be so unhappy
Along: for relationshipsتفيد العلاقة
:ExI get along with my classmates
Across: so as to be understood or learnedتفيد الإيصال والإفهام Ex:He couldn’tgetthe ideaacrosstothe students
On: for progressتفيد الصيرورة والإستمرار :ExThe work is good. Just keep on
لنا عودة معا باقي الأفعال في الصفحة 56 في اقرب الأوقات
UNIT 2:THE GIFTS OF YOUTH
أهم مفردات النص صفحة 27 من الوحدة الثانية
"They are not only the future, they are also the present
The text : They are not only the future, they are also the present
Approximately Roughly تقريبا
To be concerned aboutأن تكون قلق أو مهتمب
Youth issuesقضاياالشباب
Heterogeneous groupفئة غير متجانسة
A vital forceقوة فعالةTo have higher aspirations أن تكون لك آمالعريضة
To empower ندعم/ نقوي
Resourceful citizensمواطنونموهوبون
To voice one’s opinionأن تعبر عنرأيك
To be constructively critical أن يكون لك نقد بناء
Equal citizens مواطنون متساوون
To play a determining role أن تلعب دورا حاسما
Reliable partners شركاء يعتمد عليهم
The gifts of youthعطايا/مواهبالشباب
Shouldn’t go by unnoticedلا يجب أن تمر دون اهتمام/ اكثرات-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
درس القواعد : I wish/ If only
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PROVERBS
صفحة 36 –الوحدةالثانية-
Knowledge in youth is wisdom inageمعرفة الصغر حكمة الكبر
Youth development will be brought about byYouthتطور الشباب نتاج عمل الشباب
Adolescence issmokeعمر الشباب كالدخان-ينقضي كالدخان بعد حين-
What is learned in Youth is carved instoneالتعلم في الصغر كالنقش علىالحجر
تتمة :
I wish/ Ifonly
اليوم نركز في الجزء الثاني على استعمالات I wish / If only للدلالة على أمنية a wish أو حصره If only على شيء حصل أو لم يحصل في الماضي. خذ معي هذا المثال: رجل فاته موعد الطائرة البارحة ويتمنى على نفسه إن كان بمقدوره اللحاق به, فيقول:I wish I had caughtmy planeyesterdayأتمنى لو كنت لحقت الطائرة البارحة(واقع الحال أنه لم يلحق موعده)If only I had caughtmy planeyesterdayآه, لو كنت لحقت الطائرة البارحة(واقع الحال أنه لم يلحق موعده)
مثال آخر: شاب رسب في امتحان السنة الماضية ويتمنى على نفسه انه كان نجح فيقول:If only I had succeededlast yearآه, لو كنت نجحت السنة الفارطةI wish I had succeededlast yearأتمنى لو كنت نجحت السنة الفارطة
لاحظ معي شكل الجملة عند الدلالة على أمنية a wish أو حصره If only على شيء حصل أو لم يحصل في الماضي. الشكل يأتي دائما:I wish +had +verb in the pastparticipleIf only +had+ verb in the pastparticiple
لاحظ أمثلة أخرى:I wish I had paid that bill ontimeI wish I hadn’t bought thatcar
لاحظ الماضي التام(The past perfect ) للأفعال المستعملة :Pay ---- had paidBuy----- had bought
ملخص بالإنجليزية كامل لما ماقلته عن I wsih حتى اللأن في حالة الدلالة على المضارع والماضي :
The verb to wishThe verb to wish is followed by an 'unreal' past tense when we want to talk about situations in the present that we are not happy about but cannot change
I wish I had more money =but I haven't
She wishes she was beautiful (= but she's not
We wish we could come to your party =(but we can't
When we want to talk about situations in the past that we are not happy about or actions that we regret, we use the verb to wish followed by the past perfect
I wish I hadn't said that (= but I did
He wishes he hadn't bought the car (= but he did buy it
I wish I had taken that job in New York (= but I didn't, so I'm stuck in Bristol
Cultural Issuesقضايا ثقافية
أهم المفردات التي يجب التنبه لها فينصوص الصفحة 10Human societies :المجتمعات البشريةcommon beliefs :المعتقدات السائدة أوالمشتركةhandded down/passed on /Inherited : تثوارت/ تنتقل من جيل لاخرSimilar backgrounds : خلفيات ثقافيةمتشابهة
النص 2 الصفحة 11
أهم المفردات التي يجب التنبهلها في نصوص الصفحة 11patterns of behaviour : أشكالالسلوكways of Living : أنماط الحياةnot within the norm : لا يذخل ضمن المعتاد -في مايخص سلوكاتنا-distancing is cultural-specific : التباعد - التحفظ عند السلام- هو خاص بكل ثقافةto abide by the rules : يتقيد/يلتزمبالقواعدbehave wrongly :يتصرف بشكل خاطئHealthy behaviour : التصرف السليمconscious of cross-cultural similarities : أنتكون واع بالتشابهات بين الثقافات المختلفةKey to understanding and tolerance : هو الحلللتفاهم و التسامح---------------Use English CommunicativelyAsking for , giving and responding to adviceطلبالنصيحة’اعطاء النصيحة والرد عليهاهناكعدة طرق لطلب النصيحة لاعطائها أوالردعليها’وفي مايلي أمثلة على ذلك.بالنسبة للامتحان يكفي معرفة مثال أو مثالين من كلصيغة -طلب/اعطاء/ الرد/ask/give/respond
Responding for advice
الرد على النصيحة
Giving for advice
اعطاء النصيحة
Asking for advice
طلب النصيحة
that's a good idea
sounds like a good idea
......thanks for your advice , but i really
i think you should
may be you should
?.....why don't you
?....what would you do if
?what do you suggest
?what do you think i should do
أمثلة: A friend of yours wants to give up smoking, give him advice to help him with thatصديقلك يعاني من التدخين و يطلب نصيحتك للاقلاع عن التدخين
?your friend:what do you think i should do to stop smokingyou: i think you should give up going out with smoking friendsyour friend: sounds like a good idea
-------------------------------------الدرس الأول :
Valuesالقيم
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درس القواعد للوحدة الأولى
التمييز بين Past Perfect و SimplePastPastperfectهو الزمان المستعمل للحديث عن الماضي البعيد المقترن بماضي قريب.مثال على ذلك: Tom went to sleep after the guests hadgoneذهب Tom للنوم بعدما انصرف الضيوف-guests -« Tom went to sleep »هي جملة في الماضي القريب Simple pastحيث إن ماضي الفعل goهو went« The guests had gone »هي جملة في الماضي البعيد - past perfect- حيث إن الماضي البعيد ل goهو had goneالماضي البعيد لأي فعل هوtheverbHad + past participle ofthe verbاي Had + صيغة النعت للفعل - past participle -امثل:Verb فعل
Simple past صيغة ماضي الفعل Past participle صيغة النعت
Be
Was- were
Had been
Go
Went
Had gone
Forget
Forgot
Hadforgotten
Walk
Walked
Had walked
Decide
Decided
Had decided
جميع الأفعال المنتظمة - regular verbs - مثل walk و decide لها نفس الصيغة المشابهة في صيغة نعت الفعل أي نضيف فقط ed للفعل امثل: You had studied English before youmoved to New York / درست الانجليزية قبل انتقالك إلى نيويوركYou had studied English هي صيغة الماضي البعيد pastperfect السابقة في الزمان ل صيغة الماضي القريب Moved to NewYork
ملخص: Past Perfect هو الزمان المستعمل للحديث عن حدث وقع في الماضي قبل حدث أخر في الماضي. حيث أن الحدث الأول - الماضي البعيد- نضعه في صيغة Past Perfectو الحدث الذي يأتي بعده في صيغة Simple Past . شكل أل Past Perfect هو دائما Had + Past participle
جدول توضيحي لكل ماقلته + أمثلة بالانجليزية
a - كان Sam قد انصرف في الوقت الذي وصلت فيه Ann هي الجملة السابقة في الزمان إذا نضعها في صيغة pastperfect --- - Sam had already leftb - دخل اللص بسهولة لأن أحدا نسي أن يغلق الباب - someone had forgotten to lock thedoor هي الجملة السابقة في الزمان إذا نضعها في صيغة - -- past perfect
هناك إشارات دالة على استعمال أل Pastperfect -- هي:never / by the time/ Before/after /just/ yet /not yet /already
Phrasel Verbs
هناك أفعال خاصة فيالإنجليزية تدعىبPhrasel verbs وهي عبارة عن فعل + حرفجرحرف الجر هذا يغير منمعنى الفعل تماما عندما يتغير. سأعطي مثالا على ذلك بالفعل Look مع حروف جرمختلفة
Look at = أنظرإلىEX: She looks at him and smiles Look after = تعتنيEX: The mother looks after her childLook for = يبحثEX: They look for a place to park their carكما ترون بتغير حرف الجر يتغير المعنى
--------------------------------------------------في الكتاب المدرسي الصفحة 24 هناك مجموعة من الأفعال كلها تأتي مع حرف الجرThroughفي مايلي تجدون جميع أفعال الصفحة 24 مع حرف الجر Through مع أعطاء أمثلة عن كلفعل
Get through to sb = communicate with أن تفهم شخص شيء ما
to succeed in making someone understand or believe something I just don't seem to be able to get through to him these days.[Often negative]
Get through to sth = pass أن تنجحto succeed in reaching the next stage in a competition If they win this they'll get through to the finalI didn't even get through to the second interview stage
Go through sth = Repeatأن تقرأ/ تمحص/ أو تدرس شيء بتمعن / أنتكررTo carefully examine the *******s of something in order to find something EX:Customs officers went through her suitcase looking for drugs
Pull through = recover/surviveيتعافى/ينجوHe pulled through his illness
Look through : readتلقي نظرةTo read something quickly and not very carefully Could you look through these figures and see if I've made any obvious errors
تمت الوحدة الأولى بحمده
أهم المفردات التي يجب التنبه لها فينصوص الصفحة 10Human societies :المجتمعات البشريةcommon beliefs :المعتقدات السائدة أوالمشتركةhandded down/passed on /Inherited : تثوارت/ تنتقل من جيل لاخرSimilar backgrounds : خلفيات ثقافيةمتشابهة
النص 2 الصفحة 11
أهم المفردات التي يجب التنبهلها في نصوص الصفحة 11patterns of behaviour : أشكالالسلوكways of Living : أنماط الحياةnot within the norm : لا يذخل ضمن المعتاد -في مايخص سلوكاتنا-distancing is cultural-specific : التباعد - التحفظ عند السلام- هو خاص بكل ثقافةto abide by the rules : يتقيد/يلتزمبالقواعدbehave wrongly :يتصرف بشكل خاطئHealthy behaviour : التصرف السليمconscious of cross-cultural similarities : أنتكون واع بالتشابهات بين الثقافات المختلفةKey to understanding and tolerance : هو الحلللتفاهم و التسامح---------------Use English CommunicativelyAsking for , giving and responding to adviceطلبالنصيحة’اعطاء النصيحة والرد عليهاهناكعدة طرق لطلب النصيحة لاعطائها أوالردعليها’وفي مايلي أمثلة على ذلك.بالنسبة للامتحان يكفي معرفة مثال أو مثالين من كلصيغة -طلب/اعطاء/ الرد/ask/give/respond
Responding for advice
الرد على النصيحة
Giving for advice
اعطاء النصيحة
Asking for advice
طلب النصيحة
that's a good idea
sounds like a good idea
......thanks for your advice , but i really
i think you should
may be you should
?.....why don't you
?....what would you do if
?what do you suggest
?what do you think i should do
أمثلة: A friend of yours wants to give up smoking, give him advice to help him with thatصديقلك يعاني من التدخين و يطلب نصيحتك للاقلاع عن التدخين
?your friend:what do you think i should do to stop smokingyou: i think you should give up going out with smoking friendsyour friend: sounds like a good idea
-------------------------------------الدرس الأول :
Valuesالقيم
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درس القواعد للوحدة الأولى
التمييز بين Past Perfect و SimplePastPastperfectهو الزمان المستعمل للحديث عن الماضي البعيد المقترن بماضي قريب.مثال على ذلك: Tom went to sleep after the guests hadgoneذهب Tom للنوم بعدما انصرف الضيوف-guests -« Tom went to sleep »هي جملة في الماضي القريب Simple pastحيث إن ماضي الفعل goهو went« The guests had gone »هي جملة في الماضي البعيد - past perfect- حيث إن الماضي البعيد ل goهو had goneالماضي البعيد لأي فعل هوtheverbHad + past participle ofthe verbاي Had + صيغة النعت للفعل - past participle -امثل:Verb فعل
Simple past صيغة ماضي الفعل Past participle صيغة النعت
Be
Was- were
Had been
Go
Went
Had gone
Forget
Forgot
Hadforgotten
Walk
Walked
Had walked
Decide
Decided
Had decided
جميع الأفعال المنتظمة - regular verbs - مثل walk و decide لها نفس الصيغة المشابهة في صيغة نعت الفعل أي نضيف فقط ed للفعل امثل: You had studied English before youmoved to New York / درست الانجليزية قبل انتقالك إلى نيويوركYou had studied English هي صيغة الماضي البعيد pastperfect السابقة في الزمان ل صيغة الماضي القريب Moved to NewYork
ملخص: Past Perfect هو الزمان المستعمل للحديث عن حدث وقع في الماضي قبل حدث أخر في الماضي. حيث أن الحدث الأول - الماضي البعيد- نضعه في صيغة Past Perfectو الحدث الذي يأتي بعده في صيغة Simple Past . شكل أل Past Perfect هو دائما Had + Past participle
جدول توضيحي لكل ماقلته + أمثلة بالانجليزية
a - كان Sam قد انصرف في الوقت الذي وصلت فيه Ann هي الجملة السابقة في الزمان إذا نضعها في صيغة pastperfect --- - Sam had already leftb - دخل اللص بسهولة لأن أحدا نسي أن يغلق الباب - someone had forgotten to lock thedoor هي الجملة السابقة في الزمان إذا نضعها في صيغة - -- past perfect
هناك إشارات دالة على استعمال أل Pastperfect -- هي:never / by the time/ Before/after /just/ yet /not yet /already
Phrasel Verbs
هناك أفعال خاصة فيالإنجليزية تدعىبPhrasel verbs وهي عبارة عن فعل + حرفجرحرف الجر هذا يغير منمعنى الفعل تماما عندما يتغير. سأعطي مثالا على ذلك بالفعل Look مع حروف جرمختلفة
Look at = أنظرإلىEX: She looks at him and smiles Look after = تعتنيEX: The mother looks after her childLook for = يبحثEX: They look for a place to park their carكما ترون بتغير حرف الجر يتغير المعنى
--------------------------------------------------في الكتاب المدرسي الصفحة 24 هناك مجموعة من الأفعال كلها تأتي مع حرف الجرThroughفي مايلي تجدون جميع أفعال الصفحة 24 مع حرف الجر Through مع أعطاء أمثلة عن كلفعل
Get through to sb = communicate with أن تفهم شخص شيء ما
to succeed in making someone understand or believe something I just don't seem to be able to get through to him these days.[Often negative]
Get through to sth = pass أن تنجحto succeed in reaching the next stage in a competition If they win this they'll get through to the finalI didn't even get through to the second interview stage
Go through sth = Repeatأن تقرأ/ تمحص/ أو تدرس شيء بتمعن / أنتكررTo carefully examine the *******s of something in order to find something EX:Customs officers went through her suitcase looking for drugs
Pull through = recover/surviveيتعافى/ينجوHe pulled through his illness
Look through : readتلقي نظرةTo read something quickly and not very carefully Could you look through these figures and see if I've made any obvious errors
تمت الوحدة الأولى بحمده
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